In Ko-ko's song the nigger serenader became "the. VRS tanks were approaching the town, and NATO airstrikes on these began on the afternoon of 11 July 1995. It was included, however, in Mrs. Carte's second repertory season, in 1908–09. All of the 243 victims associated with Lazete 2 were male and the experts determined that the vast majority died of gunshot injuries. ICTY, Prosecutor vs. Krstic; Trial Chamber Judgement; United Nations; para. He was begging them to kill him. [303][304] On 19 July 2019 the Dutch Supreme court ruled the Dutch state was liable for 10% for the 300 Bosnian men expelled from the compound.[305][306]. However, survivors and relatives of the victims condemned the move, calling it a "humiliating decision" and responded with protest rallies in The Hague, Assen (where the ceremony took place) and Bosnia's capital Sarajevo. It did not happen just before my eyes, for I saw that personally, but also before the eyes of us all. City Seeks Input from Santa Monica Workers on Housing and Transportation Needs for Housing Element Update. Ko-Ko instead sends Nanki-Poo and Yum-Yum away to be wed (by Pooh-Bah, as Archbishop of Titipu), promising to present to the Mikado a false affidavit in evidence of the fictitious execution. In addition to its "improbability", it was too similar to the plot of their 1877 opera The Sorcerer. [146] The Zvornik Public Security Centre planned to surround and destroy these two groups the following day using all available forces. This is what I was thinking as I was getting out of the truck. Those who arrived later could see immediately what was happening there. He pretended to be dead and managed to escape the following morning. Teodor Pavelvić (member of the Republika Srpska Army) – acquitted. The Scotsman "Finding the Bodies To Fill Bosnia's Graves" commentary by Adam Boys (ICMP) comment # 16. "[8] But by 8 May 1884, Gilbert was ready to back down, writing: "am I to understand that if I construct another plot in which no supernatural element occurs, you will undertake to set it? Once the southern perimeter began to collapse, about 4,000 Bosniak residents who had been living in a Swedish housing complex for refugees nearby fled north into the town of Srebrenica. [41] To the extent that the opera portrays Japanese culture, style and government, it is a fictional version of Japan used to provide a picturesque setting and to capitalise on Japonism and the British fascination with Japan and the Far East in the 1880s. [120], From the checkpoint, an officer directed the soldier escorting the witness towards a nearby school where many other prisoners were being held. It usually required authorised productions to present the music and libretto exactly as shown in the copyrighted editions. ", 1950 D'Oyly Carte – New Promenade Orchestra, Conductor: Isidore Godfrey, 1957 D'Oyly Carte – New Symphony Orchestra of London, Conductor: Isidore Godfrey, 1990 New D'Oyly Carte – Conductor: John Pryce-Jones, 1992 Mackerras/Telarc – Orchestra & Chorus of the Welsh National Opera, Conductor: Sir, This page was last edited on 28 March 2021, at 21:43. 06-712-24-30/95, Results of meeting with persons from Srebrenica. Throughout the night and early the next morning, stories about the rapes and killings spread through the crowd and the terror in the camp escalated. The local people became quite indignant, so sometimes we would keep someone alive to hand over to them [to kill] just to keep them happy. In response to the suggestion that the Bosniak forces in Srebrenica made no adequate attempt to defend the town, the Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35—The Fall of Srebrenica,[57] delivered to the 54th session of the United Nations General Assembly on 15 November 1999 states: 476. Gilbert used foreign or fictional locales in several operas, including The Mikado, Princess Ida, The Gondoliers, Utopia, Limited and The Grand Duke, to soften the impact of his pointed satire of British institutions. The heat died on my Samsung dryer. [192] The RS then published two reports, on 3 June 2003 and 5 September 2003, which the Human Rights Chamber concluded did not fulfill the obligations of the RS. Dame Ethel Smyth wrote of Sullivan, "One day he presented me with a copy of the full score of The Golden Legend, adding: 'I think this is the best thing I've done, don't you?' Appropriated UN and Red Cross equipment was used to deceive the refugees into believing the promises. [253] Tolimir's trial began on 26 February 2010; he chose to represent himself. [152][153], Meanwhile, the VRS had commenced the process of clearing the bodies from around Srebrenica, Žepa, Kamenica and Snagovo. [79][n 8], Also included in the little list song are "the lady novelist" (referring to writers of fluffy romantic novels; these had been lampooned earlier by George Eliot)[80] and "the lady from the provinces who dresses like a guy", where guy refers to the dummy that is part of Guy Fawkes Night, meaning a tasteless woman who dresses like a scarecrow. On 10 May 1996, after nine months on the run and over six months after the end of the war, they were discovered in a quarry by American IFOR soldiers. [75], Modern productions update some of the words and phrases in The Mikado. A witness who survived the shootings by pretending to be dead, reported that General Mladić drove up in a red car and watched some of the executions. Serb soldiers and paramilitaries surrounded a Bosnian Muslim village or hamlet, called upon the population to surrender their weapons, and then began with indiscriminate shelling and shooting. Retrieved 31 July 2010", "ICTY: The prosecutor of the tribunal against Slobodan Milosevic – Amended Indictment", "Bridging the Gap in Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Popovic et al. Orić's men began hoarding food, fuel, cigarettes and embezzled money sent by foreign aid agencies to support Muslim orphans. Butler suggested that they would have had far more to gain had they taken the men in Potočari as prisoners of war, under the supervision of the International Red Cross (ICRC) and the UN troops still in the area. "Ex-General Apologizes for Dutch Gay Soldier Remark. Instead, they were transported to an agricultural co-operative in the village of Kravica, and later executed en masse. into the proceedings) shows an Orthodox priest blessing several members of a Serbian unit known as the "Scorpions." According to UN reports, "General [Sefer] Halilović and General [Ratko] Mladić agreed on measures covering the whole of the Srebrenica enclave and the adjacent enclave of Žepa. Although there was no evidence to suggest what exactly caused the behaviour, the study suggested that fatigue and stress may have induced these symptoms.[113]. The evidence reveals a well-organised operation in Tišća. There was little cohesion or sense of common purpose in the column. I do not know how Mr. Krajišnik and Mr. Karadžić will explain that to the world. [citation needed], At approximately 05.00 hours on 16 July, the 2nd Corps made its first attempt to break through the VRS cordon from the Bosnian side. It has been claimed that the interpretation of "genocide" is refuted by the survival of the women and children. [203], The video footage (starting about 2hr 35 min. [251] Tolimir—"Chemical Zdravko"—is infamous for requesting the use of chemical weapons and proposing military strikes against refugees at Zepa. It reached the area of fighting at about 3 am on Sunday, 16 July. [298] They argued that the Dutch Government had de facto operational command of the Dutch battalion in accordance with the Dutch Constitution (Article 97(2)), which grants the government superior command (oppergezag) over military forces. The VRS, with 2,000 soldiers, were outnumbered by the defenders and did not expect the assault to be an easy conquest. Seventeen men were transported by bus a short distance to a spot on the banks of the Jadar River. The Mikado describes his system of justice ("A more humane Mikado"). Soldiers were picking people out of the crowd and taking them away. Easy enough. I then heard another woman beg: "Leave her, she is only nine years old." One man, after being hit in the hip by a bullet, jumped into the river and managed to escape. By the late afternoon of 13 July, the total had risen to some 6,000 according to the intercepted radio communication; the following day, Major Franken of Dutchbat was given the same figure by Colonel Radislav Janković of the Serb army. [109], After the corridor was closed between 17.00 and 18.00 hours the Zvornik Brigade Command reported that around 5000 civilians, with probably "a certain number of soldiers" with them had been let through, but "all those who passed were unarmed". The operation to capture and detain the Bosnian Muslim men was well organised and comprehensive. [170][171][172][173], In 2005, Greek deputy Andreas Andrianopoulos [el] called for an investigation into the role of Greek volunteers in Srebrenica. [114], The Army of Republika Srpska took the largest number of prisoners on 13 July, along the Bratunac-Konjević Polje road. Around 18.00 hours, the VRS Army located the main part of the column still in the hilly area around Kamenica (outside the village of Pobuđe). [123], Dražen Erdemović—who confessed killing at least 70 Bosniaks—was a member of the VRS 10th Sabotage Detachment (a Main Staff subordinate unit) and participated in mass executions. It also established that although the 383 Serb victims buried in the Bratunac military cemetery are presented as casualties of ARBiH units from Srebrenica, 139 (more than one third of the total) had fought and died elsewhere in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some of the Dutch soldiers retreated into the enclave after their posts were attacked, but the crews of the other observation posts surrendered into Serb custody. Between 1,000 and 2,000 soldiers from three of the VRS Drina Corps Brigades were deployed around the enclave, equipped with tanks, armoured vehicles, artillery and mortars. He said that the first duty of the international community was to uncover and confront the full truth about what happened, a hard truth for those who serve the United Nations, because great nations failed to respond adequately. [citation needed], The hillside at Baljkovica (44°27′N 18°58′E / 44.450°N 18.967°E / 44.450; 18.967 (Baljkovica)) formed the last VRS line separating the column from Bosnian-held territory. [233] The Office of the High Representative responded by saying: "The Republika Srpska government should reconsider its conclusions and align itself with the facts and legal requirements and act accordingly, rather than inflicting emotional distress on the survivors, torture history and denigrate the public image of the country". Gilbert had seen the little Japanese men and women from the Exhibition shuffling in their exotic robes through the streets of Knightsbridge. [104], The central section of the column managed to escape the shooting and reached Kamenica at about 11:00 hours and waited there for the wounded. [274], On 18 January 2011, Israel arrested Aleksandar Cvetković, a veteran of the Bosnian Serb Army, after the Bosnian government filed an extradition request. Beginning in the 1880s, Mikado trading cards were created that advertised various products. A third group headed for Žepa, possibly having first tried to reach Tuzla. Sheriff Johnson is known for being out in the field with his staff, taking calls for service, conducting traffic stops and talking with the Citizens of Santa Rosa County. He heard gunshots as he approached, but was stopped by Serb soldiers before he could find out what was going on. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 7.3 (2007): 399–416. [147], Politicians often use phrases from songs in The Mikado. [69], On 14 July 1995 more prisoners from Bratunac were bussed northward to a school in the village of Pilica, north of Zvornik. 38 of them were returned to RS. [143], The men who were found attempting to escape by the Bratunac-Konjević Polje road were told that the Geneva Convention would be observed if they gave themselves up. "Rhythm and Text Setting in, Article by H. L. Mencken on the impact of, Description of production history and modern Australian productions, List of longest running plays in London and New York, Biographies of the people listed in the historical casting chart, People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan, Adaptations of works by Gilbert and Sullivan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mikado&oldid=1014750293, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz work identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Serb general Milan Gvero in a briefing referred to members of the column as "hardened and violent criminals who will stop at nothing to prevent being taken prisoner and to enable their escape into Bosnian territory". It was a chaotic situation.[69]. [144] In Bratunac, men were told that there were Serbian personnel standing by to escort them to Zagreb for an exchange of prisoners. [295] On 10 July 2008, the court ruled that it had no jurisdiction against the UN, plaintiffs have appealed the judgement in relation to UN immunity. "The number of Muslim soldiers killed by Bosnian Serbs out of personal revenge or lack of knowledge of international law is probably about 100...It is important to uncover the names of the perpetrators in order to accurately and unequivocally establish whether or not these were isolated instances." It might then have been possible to enter into some sort of exchange deal or they might have been able to force political concessions. The NIOD report is cited often, however, the Institute for War and Peace Reporting labelled the report "controversial", as "the sheer abundance of information makes it possible for anyone to pluck from it whatever they need to make their point". ", From the outset, both parties to the conflict violated the "safe area" agreement, although a two year period of relative stability followed the establishment of the enclave. Only in November and December 1992, did two UN convoys with humanitarian aid reach the enclave, and this despite Bosnian Serb obstruction."[51]. They put a rag into her mouth and then we just heard silent sobs...."[73][74]. Both aerial photos show that the ground in Orahovac was disturbed between 5 and 27 July 1995 and again between 7 and 27 September 1995. During the fighting, the main body of what remained of the column began to move from Krizevici. When the Dutchbat soldiers told Colonel Joseph Kingori, a United Nations Military Observer (UNMO) in the Srebrenica area, that men were being taken behind the "White House" and not coming back, Colonel Kingori went to investigate. The soldier was himself exchanged late 1995; at that time, there were still 229 men from Srebrenica in the Batkovici prisoner of war camp, including two men who had been taken prisoner in 1994. For instance, in Pish-Tush's song "Our great Mikado, virtuous man", he sings: "The youth who winked a roving eye / Or breathed a non-connubial sigh / Was thereupon condemned to die – / He usually objected." Groucho interrupted the song to quiz the audience on the meaning of the word "obdurate". The music was conducted by Geoffrey Toye, a former D'Oyly Carte music director, who was also the producer and was credited with the adaptation, which involved a number of cuts, additions and re-ordered scenes. [234], On 12 July 2010, at the 15th anniversary of the massacre, Milorad Dodik said that he acknowledged the killings that happened on the site, but did not regard what happened at Srebrenica as genocide. IT-95-5/18-PT THE PROSECUTOR v RADOVAN KARADZIC, 19 October 2009, Prosecutor's Marked-up Indictment, ICTY Case No. The original version of this number included Pish-Tush. Vlastimir Golijan (member of the 10th Sabotage Unit of the Republika Srpska Army) – plead guilty. [174] The Greek Minister of Justice Anastasios Papaligouras commissioned an inquiry, which had still not reported as of July 2010[update]. "[14] Leslie Baily, for instance, told it this way in 1952: A day or so later Gilbert was striding up and down his library in the new house at Harrington Gardens, fuming at the impasse, when a huge Japanese sword decorating the wall fell with a clatter to the floor. The host rebukes him: "Young man, that gong is a 500-year-old relic that hasn't been struck since W. S. Gilbert hit it at the London premiere of The Mikado in 1885!" The production later moved to the Standard Theatre. In Blackadder Goes Forth a recording of "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" is played on a gramophone at the beginning of the first episode, and a snatch of the song is also sung by Captain Blackadder in the episode involving "Speckled Jim". [45] The Dutchbat alerted UNPROFOR command to the dire conditions in Srebrenica, but UNPROFOR declined to send humanitarian relief or military support.[45]. [146] William Safire speculated that invention of Winnie-the-Pooh by the author A. In the same way I also saw other people who were murdered. They lament that the law forbids them to flirt ("Were you not to Ko-Ko plighted"). The 2002 report Srebrenica: a 'safe' area said that "The cadres consisted of clans of Norwegian, Pakistani and Dutch military that were incapable of adequate mutual cooperation. Tony Birtley, ABC News Archive Footage, March 1993. The baby cried and a Serbian soldier told her that she had to make sure that the baby was quiet. The resulting report was published in 2002—Srebrenica: a 'safe' area. [266], On 10 April 2007, a Serbian war crimes court sentenced four members of a paramilitary group known as the Scorpions to a total of 58 years in prison for the execution of six Bosniaks during the Srebrenica massacre of July 1995. [187] The International Crisis Group and the United Nations condemned the manipulation of their statements in this report. The prisoners said they were initially tortured after the transfer, but later were treated relatively well. Between 1,000 and 1,200 men were killed in the course of that day at this execution site. The Strange Experiences of the Srebrenica Survivors, Documentary: Srebrenica, an Orchestrated Tragedy, Srebrenica:: Investigations, Reports, Books, Partial list of child victims of the Srebrenica massacre, Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia, United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation, SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing, Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence, Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srebrenica_massacre&oldid=1012959142, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Bosnian-language text, Articles containing Serbo-Croatian-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. I could tell that people had been completely disembodied and I could feel bones of the people that had been hit by those bursts of bullets or shells, I could feel their ribs crushing. The term was commonly used by the English in the 19th century but became obsolete. [55] Japanese Prince Komatsu Akihito, who saw an 1886 production in London, took no offence. He also asked for instructions where the prisoners of war his unit had already captured should be taken and to whom they should be handed over. [131] and were later able to testify before the Tribunal. [310], Serb sources maintain that casualties and losses during the period prior to the creation of the safe area gave rise to Serb demands for revenge against the Bosniaks based in Srebrenica. Mevludin Orić evidence to the Popovic et al trial, 31 August 2006, ICTY transcript pp 1083 & 1084, Col. Trkulja evidence concerning Gen. Gvero Order 03/4-1629, 13 July 1995, to the Popovic et al. The name of the character Pooh-Bah has entered the English language to mean a person who holds many titles, often a pompous or self-important person. She had bruises on her legs. He is quickly dismissed. I didn't know whether I wanted to live or to die anymore. 13–17. Each onslaught followed a similar pattern. Gvero was found guilty of persecution and inhumane acts and sentenced to five years in prison, but was acquitted of one count of murder and one count of deportation. [54], On 18 April 1993, the first group of United Nations Protection Force ("UNPROFOR") troops arrived in Srebrenica. [122] A survivor described his feelings of fear combined with thirst thus: I was really sorry that I would die thirsty, and I was trying to hide amongst the people as long as I could, like everybody else. Blame lay first and foremost with those who planned and carried out the massacre, assisted them, or harboured and continue to harbour them. Pieces of brick and window frame which were found in the Glogova 1 grave that was opened later also established a link with Kravica. [176][177] Michas said that the volunteers were treated like heroes and at no point did Greek justice contact them to investigate their knowledge of potential crimes to assist the work of the ICTY at The Hague. Lara J. Nettelfield, Sarah E. Wagner, Srebrenica in the aftermath of genocide. Commentary for "Cape Feare", in, The criminal cried as he dropped him down, There is beauty in the bellow of the blast, International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan, "Swindlers (including the Master of the Rolls?) For example, there was a girl, she must have been about nine years old. Yum-Yum is unwilling to marry under these circumstances, and so Nanki-Poo challenges Ko-Ko to behead him on the spot. After the men surrendered, Bosnian Serb soldiers ordered them to line up and summarily executed them. [200] A report on 1 April 2005 identified 892 such persons still employed by the RS, and the information was provided to the State Prosecutor of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the understanding that the names would not be made public until official proceedings had been opened. Human remains and personal possessions were found under the stage, where blood had dripped down through the floorboards. [26][27][28][29][30], In April 2013, Serbian President Tomislav Nikolić apologised for, what he called, the "crime" of Srebrenica but refused to call it genocide. [155], The longest-running piece of musical theatre was the, The actor who originally played Pish-Tush proved unable satisfactorily to sing the low notes in the Act Two quartet, "Brightly dawns our wedding day". Opera Australia have released videos of their 1987 and 2011 productions. [31], Carte toured the opera in 1886 and again in 1887 in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. THE WITNESS: [Interpretation] Yes. The story is an appealing one, but it is largely fictional. In March 2010, John Sheehan, NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic from 1994 to 1997, told a US Senate hearing that the Dutch had "declared a peace dividend and made a conscious effort to socialise their military – that includes the unionisation of their militaries, it includes open homosexuality", claiming that gay soldiers could result in events like Srebrenica. In "As some day it may happen", often called the "list song", Ko-Ko names "the nigger serenader and the others of his race". The 2002 report Srebrenica: a 'safe' area, did not assign any blame to Haukland for the massacre. In 1906–07, Helen Carte, the widow of Richard D'Oyly Carte, mounted a repertory season at the Savoy, but The Mikado was not performed, as it was thought that visiting Japanese royalty might be offended by it. [83] Changes are also often made, especially in the little list song, to take advantage of opportunities for topical jokes. Although the vast majority were women, children, elderly or disabled, 63 witnesses estimated that there were at least 300 men inside the perimeter of the UNPROFOR compound and between 600 and 900 men in the crowd outside. "[327], In 2005 an unnamed officer on Haukland's multinational staff at Tuzla in 1995, disputed the claim by Haukland and the Norwegian Chief of Defence, Arne Solli, that the attack on Srebrenica was a surprise. Screams, gunshots and other frightening noises were audible throughout the night and no one could sleep. Dutchbat had been assigned responsibility for the Srebrenica Safe Area. It turns out, however, that the soft-hearted Ko-Ko has never executed anyone and cannot execute Nanki-Poo. After the Conflict", "Srebrenica: "a safe area" Part 2 Dutchbat in the enclave", "Dealing With Genocide: A Dutch Peacekeeper Remembers Srebrenica", "Srebrenica :: Introduction to the Case Srebrenica :: Van Diepen Van der Kroef", "Over 7,000 Srebrenica Victims have now been recovered", "Srebrenica's yearly burial of atrocity victims", "Bosnian court acquits ex-Srebrenica commander of war crimes", "Prosecutor vs Krstic, Appeals Chamber Judgement", "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment", "Prosecutor vs Radislav Krstic, ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement", "Prosecutor v. Zdravko Tolimir, ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement", "Judgement of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, First Chamber, 12/03324 LZ/TT (English translation)", "Netherlands Supreme Court hands down historic judgment over Srebrenica genocide", "Dutch state 'liable' for 300 Srebrenica deaths", "Court Says the Dutch Are to Blame for Srebrenica Deaths", "Netherlands '10% liable' for 350 Srebrenica deaths", "Serbian president apologises for Srebrenica 'crime, "ICTY: The attack against the civilian population and related requirements", "Bosnian Institute UK, the 26-page study: Prelude to the Srebrenica Genocide – mass murder and ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks in the Srebrenica region during the first three months of the Bosnian War (April–June 1992)", "Prosecutor vs. Radislav Krstic Judgement", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz_dVScxOtg, "Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35 — The fall of Srebrenica", "Remarks by the High Commissioner to the Security Council meeting on Bosnia and Herzegovina (Srebrenica)", "1,500 Bosnian Serb troops overran the enclave of Srebrenica", "Dutch Court Rules Netherlands Responsible for Three Deaths in Srebrenica Massacre in Bosnia – The Daily Beast", "Dutch Peacekeepers Are Found Responsible for Deaths", Srebrenica Massacre Survivors Sue Netherlands, United Nations, "Refugees tell of women singled out for rape", "Separation of boys, Krstic ICTY Potocari", "Writ of Summons: District Court, The Hague", "Radislav Krstic Trial Chambers Judgement", "ICTY: Radislav Krstić verdict – The Column of Bosnian Muslim Men", "Testimony of Diane Paul to US House of Representatives Committee on International relations Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights hearing on the Betrayal of Srebrenica", "BBC News – Europe – Serbs accused of chemical attacks", "Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Prosecutor's office of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Miladin Stevanović – First instance verdict", "Srebrenica – Reconstruction, background, consequences and analyses of the fall of a 'safe' area", "The Events in and Around Srebrenica Between 10th and 19th July 1995", "Yugoslavia Has Long-Standing Poison Gas Program by Karel Knip, Rotterdam NRC Handelsblad 24 April 99 pp 1, 5.